Publications | Pharmacists & Patient Outcomes
Pharmacist & Outcomes – ALL
CONCLUSION: The cofunded faculty model resulted in a positive ROI after covering the costs of both faculty compensation and the software used for CCM services. ROI from wellness visits alone was also positive, demonstrating the sustainability of profits from pharmacist-led wellness visits. The cofunded faculty model is a viable avenue [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacist-led MRs in a pain clinic have demonstrated significant clinical impact. By identifying predictors of effective interventions, this study provides insights for targeting patients who may benefit most. Furthermore, the recognition of pharmacists' expertise by the interdisciplinary team supports the integration of pharmacy-led initiatives to enhance collaborative care and [...]
Background: The effective management of psychotic and bipolar disorders in tertiary care can improve patient outcomes, yet the role of clinical pharmacists in optimising psychotropic medication use remains underexplored in South Africa. This study aims to investigate the role and interventions of clinical pharmacists in managing psychotic and bipolar disorders [...]
CONCLUSION: Despite the adverse impact ED boarding has on patient outcomes and quality of care, solutions remain scarce and long-term fixes likely require large-scale health-system reformation. Until then, we must institute protocols and workflows to improve the care of boarding patients within existing patient care constraints. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: A dedicated pharmacist comanagement telehealth program for patients with HFrEF proved effective at improving GDMT use and reducing cardiac hospitalizations. [...]
This case study explores the role that pharmacists can have managing resistant hypertension (RH) in rural Appalachian veterans, where health care access is limited. RH, defined as blood pressure above target despite adherence to multiple antihypertensive medications, presents challenges in chronic disease management. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has [...]
CONCLUSIONS: The SMART formulary reduced the total cost of care for a cohort of charitable care patients enrolled in a primary care clinic at a large urban academic medical center in Baltimore, Maryland. [...]
CONCLUSION: Clinical pharmacist education improved diabetes self-care practices and metabolic outcomes, including glycemic control and lipid profiles, demonstrating its role in achieving therapeutic goals for patients with T2DM. [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacist-led interventions significantly improved patient habits, resulting in increased vitamin D levels. These improvements were associated with a significant increase in patients' perceived quality of life. [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacists play a crucial role in optimizing hydroxyurea therapy for patients with SCD by improving adherence and maximizing dosing strategies. Their involvement ensures that more patients experience the full therapeutic benefits of hydroxyurea, contributing to better long-term outcomes. Expanding pharmacist engagement in SCD management will continue to be essential, [...]
CONCLUSION: maximizing the impact of HMRs on medication safety and quality of life for older adults requires addressing these gaps through proactive policy reforms, expanded pharmacist roles, and digital health solutions. The bibliometric findings highlight the need for a more structured, evidence-based approach to improve the effectiveness and implementation of [...]
CONCLUSION: Although there was an observed increase in resource utilization resulting from clinical pharmacists' interventions, this study highlights their crucial role in mitigating the costs associated with preventable adverse drug events. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Proactive pharmacist intervention significantly improved ADLs in older patients with musculoskeletal disorders and polypharmacy undergoing rehabilitation. Therefore, future interventions for older musculoskeletal patients with polypharmacy should consider deprescribing medications from a rehabilitation pharmacotherapy perspective in addition to combined nutrition and exercise therapy. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2025; ••: ••-••. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Exploring the experiences of patients with osteoarthritis in a pharmacist-led opioid tapering service before elective surgery revealed that external motivations, such as knowledge of a surgery date, play a crucial role in successful opioid tapering. Patients were more likely to taper if they knew their surgery date. Attitudes towards [...]
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is a chronic, progressive medical condition affecting millions of individuals worldwide. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The use of "foundational quadruple therapy" titrated to the maximum tolerated doses improves survival, quality of life, and reduces heart failure-related hospitalisation. Despite this evidence, [...]
CONCLUSION: An integrated pharmacist-led, general practice-based cardio-renal and metabolic clinic, improved key CKD-related outcomes in deprived population. Further studies are needed to confirm long-term impact. [...]
CONCLUSION: CPs can have a valuable role in the interdisciplinary team at a geriatric day hospital. Regularly reevaluating the appropriate use of drugs used for the nervous system, and initiating judicious deprescribing is recommended. [...]
CONCLUSION: The P3ID trial tests the hypothesis that a jointly led pharmacist-physician intervention in an outpatient will reduce the total number of medications, improve medication adherence, reduce falls and improve patients' and doctors' satisfaction towards pharmacist services. Findings from this study would inform future deprescribing practices, particularly in LMIC, pertaining [...]
Developed nations maximize pharmacists, while developing nations underutilize them, especially in operating rooms (ORs), necessitating cost-effectiveness and feedback evaluations. We investigated the impact of pharmacist involvement in operating rooms (OR) at Muhimbili National Hospital. We contrasted a "before era" (BE) without pharmacists to an "after era" (AE) with their presence. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Patients in the PPCC group were more likely to meet comprehensive diabetes care quality measures compared with SC. These results underscore the value of pharmacists in diabetes management in primary care and their contribution to value-based care. [...]
Medication adherence is crucial for slowing chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. A specially designed pharmacist-led mobile application, Kidney Health, was evaluated in a single-center, prospective, 3 months, randomized controlled trial (RCT) to assess its impact on medication adherence and efficacy in patients with CKD. 86 patients were randomly assigned to [...]
Background There is good evidence describing on-call pharmacy services internationally; however, there is limited evidence evaluating out-of-hours (OOH) calls from adult critical care units. Our primary objective is to describe the characteristics of OOH calls from adult critical care units to resident pharmacists, to inform service provision to this high-risk [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacist support in entering blood drug concentration test orders significantly reduced vancomycin-induced kidney injury frequency and shortened time to first TDM, enhancing patient safety during anti-MRSA medication administration in the emergency and critical care center. This task-shifting approach demonstrates clear benefits for patient care and physician workload. [...]
Accessing essential healthcare services presents a challenge for consumers living in rural and remote communities, leading to higher rates of chronic disease and poorer health outcomes. Community pharmacists are well positioned to address this lack of access; thus, this study aimed to explore the perceptions of rural and remote consumers [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study will further elucidate the role of pharmacist-led CGM in primary care. [...]
To combine didactic education with clinical and research experiences that would empower student pharmacists to consider postgraduate training and a career in pharmacy education or academics, in 2009, the Next Generation of Pharmacist Educators (NextGenRxEd) program, a four-year longitudinal education program, was implemented at the University of California San Diego [...]
CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the positive impact of pharmacist consultations on enhancing knowledge and safety skills in patients with IA and treated with bDMARDs. The lack of a control group limits interpretation of the finding. [...]
CONCLUSION: The lack of regulation has contributed to unstandardized telepharmacy practice. Despite the untapped potential, the growth of telepharmacy services in Indonesian community pharmacies is uncertain, with ongoing support from the regulation needed. [...]
IntroductionAt the University of California Irvine (UCI) in Orange County California, we published an implementation study to evaluate the use of an electronic patient-reported outcome (ePRO) tool to guide pharmacist-led chemotherapy education in newly diagnosed cancer patients. The goal of this secondary analysis was to describe the types of pharmacist-led [...]
This systematic review aimed to evaluate the association between pharmacists' interventions and health outcomes of patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in the Middle East. A comprehensive database search was conducted in July 2024 using the electronic databases of PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus. [...]
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) associates with high morbidity and mortality due to CKD progression and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Blood pressure (BP) lowering reduces the risk of CVD and CKD progression. Despite the large number of BP medications available, a significant proportion of patients with CKD have BP [...]
CONCLUSIONS: EMP involvement in blood culture review following discharge improved the time to patient notification and potentially decreased inappropriate call-backs and admissions. Future studies are warranted to explore additional advantages of EMP managed blood culture follow up, particularly clinical outcomes and economic impact. [...]
In this implementation science study evaluating the feasibility and effectiveness of a remote patient monitoring program for hypertension, we found that most, but not all of patients received the intended program components of clinical pharmacist outreach and medication titration. Despite feasibility challenges, remote-patient monitoring for hypertension was effective at reducing [...]
CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that identifying functional difficulties in medication preparation enables tailored interventions to address these issues. Observing older adults' abilities to manage their medication could reduce the risk of medication errors and probably enhance their daily quality of life. [...]
CONCLUSION: The intervention studied improved family physicians' knowledge of medication for type 2 diabetes, reduced the number of medication issues for patients, and improved their FPG concentrations. It should provide a valuable reference for chronic disease management. This pharmacist-led training approach could be expanded to improve medication practices and patient [...]
Opioid use prior to hip or knee arthroplasty is associated with worse outcomes after surgery. Opioid tapering is recommended prior to surgery, but little is known about the most appropriate methods and what patients' perspectives and experiences may be. The aim of this study was to understand patient perspectives and [...]
Background: Patients being discharged from acute care facilities have a high risk of hospital readmission due to medication errors. Pharmacist interventions during transitions of care (TOC) may be beneficial in identifying medication errors and improving patient outcomes when discharging to a skilled nursing facility (SNF). Objective The objective of this [...]
BACKGROUND: The pharmacy profession has experienced significant transformation over the last century. Despite the evolving role of pharmacists, public perception of the profession continues to be based around the traditional dispensing role pharmacists play in the community setting. Based on previously published literature this study hypothesizes modern film and television [...]
Background: Millions of older people are hospitalized each year, and they often use pain medications during their stay. At the same time, about seven million people 65 years of age and older have filled at least one opioid prescription. Studies have found pharmacist-led interventions to minimize inappropriate prescribing and optimize [...]
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this randomized clinical trial, a pharmacist-led transitional care intervention in the ED among patients with MRE significantly reduced ED visits and hospitalizations for the same MRE. If replicated in subsequent trials, this strategy offers a novel approach for reducing drug-related harms. [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacist-led interventions led to a significant improvement in HbA1c levels. While medication expenses increased in both groups from the initial follow-up, the control group exhibited a significantly greater increase in costs and HbA1c levels than the intervention group. [...]
CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that a hospital-based pharmacist-led post-discharge medication review clinic reduced 30-day hospital readmissions in adult patients compared to a group of case-matched controls. This study provides evidence to support extending pharmaceutical care beyond the inpatient hospital setting into the early post-discharge period, particularly in hospitals providing comprehensive [...]
CONCLUSION: Our findings reveal that clinical pharmacist-provided services could positively affect outcomes in BD-I patients. [...]
CONCLUSION: A clinic-based population health approach reduced therapeutic inertia and improved BP control in a cohort of in hypertensive patients compared with a similar cohort of patients in clinics who did not receive the intervention. [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacist-led MedRec services improved continuity of care for elderly patients. Implementing a structured reconciliation process successfully resolved discrepancies and reduced hospital readmissions as well as ED visits at 30-days post-discharge. This outlines potentials for healthcare cost savings. Future studies are recommended to explore long-term benefits, cost-effectiveness, and integrating pharmacist-led [...]
CONCLUSION: While our study did not find a statistically significant difference in pharmacist-led deprescribing, there was a trend towards reduction in high-risk medication use. This suggests potential clinical significance, emphasizing the role of pharmacist involvement in prescribing practices of medications used to treat T2DM, including deprescribing high-risk medications and initiating [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacists spend over 80% of their work time performing clinical activities for patients, of which almost 12% is spent face-to-face with patients. The largest proportion of time is spent with discharge patients followed by review patients. [...]
CONCLUSION: For patients with hypertension and diabetes co-morbidity, integrating pharmacist education in multifaceted interventions is more effective in improving MA and clinical outcomes. [...]
CONCLUSION: When they were able to, VHA CPPs were early adopters in prescribing B-MOUD. B-MOUD prescribing by CPPs is an emerging opportunity to further expand access to B-MOUD. [...]
CONCLUSION: This study underscores the considerable advantages of integrating pharmacists into diabetes management programs, particularly for patients with elevated A1c levels >9%. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists are well-placed to play a broader role in SEM but face systemic and educational barriers. Enhancing training, establishing formal referral and interdisciplinary communication pathways and addressing structural challenges could improve engagement. This study lays the groundwork for future interventions to enhance pharmacists' contributions to SEM and strengthen pharmacist-physiotherapist [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Results of this audit are indicative of a system functioning asynchronously, opaquely, and ineffectively. To better serve the public, all state boards must regularly and publicly report disciplinary actions. [...]
CONCLUSION: This study highlights the frequent occurrence of DRPs and LT4 therapy adherence problems in patients with HoT. The findings suggest that the intervention of CPs, by increasing adherence to LT4 therapy and decreasing DRPs, could significantly contribute to improving patients' treatment outcomes. [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacist-led management of T2D using personal CGMs can improve diabetes outcomes in a large academic health care system. [...]
CONCLUSION: The integration of pharmacists into the clinical team appeared to contribute to the reduction of blood phosphorus levels and healthcare expenditures, highlighting their pivotal role in the cost-effective, multidisciplinary management of haemodialysis patients. This finding underscores the significant economic and clinical importance of considering pharmacists as valuable members of [...]
PurposeThe time to complete oncology pharmacist tasks is needed to determine workload and productivity. The Hematology/Oncology Pharmacy Association (HOPA) and the Hematology/Oncology Practice and Research Network (PRN) of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) partnered with the aim of establishing consensus on the time required to complete oncology pharmacy [...]
CONCLUSIONS: The modified Delphi method resulted in consensus recommendations for the perioperative physician-pharmacist airway co-management. We hope this consensus will prevent pulmonary complications and improve patient outcomes through collaborative discussions between physicians and pharmacists. [...]
CONCLUSION: SMPOP service enhances prescription appropriateness, reduces ADRs, shortens stays, and lowers costs, underscoring the need for continuous innovation in healthcare. [...]
CONCLUSION: CBE improved pharmacists' knowledge of POCT but showed a limited effect on pharmacist intention or behaviour. The study highlighted that knowledge alone does not influence behaviour change. Factors such as organizational support, adequate reimbursement, and expanded practice scope (e.g., prescribing) are critical to enhance POCT implementation. [...]
CONCLUSION: Implementation of a procedure for labeling encounter reason allowed for more robust characterization of pharmacist services using congruent data across pharmacist practices. This approach may be useful for pharmacist practices with limited analytics resources for more sophisticated service metrics and dashboards. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: During hospitalization, there was no group difference in the primary outcome of high-intensity statin therapy. Feasibility of an effective pharmacist-initiated intervention for improvement of lipid management was demonstrated by entry of recommendations in the discharge summary and related adjustment in outpatient statin therapy. The main opportunity for future improvement [...]
Background In the United States, pharmacist-administered immunization is associated with increased rates of vaccination. But older adults may reside in long-term care settings not served by the community pharmacies associated with immunization gains. This descriptive summary of the Advancing Pharmacist Immunization Initiative (APII) presents an overview of our efforts to [...]
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In these 2 cluster randomized clinical trials, visit-based interruptive alerts were not associated with a significant increase in statin prescribing compared with usual care, whereas a strategy of asynchronous semiautomated referral for pharmacist comanagement was associated with a substantial increase. This strategy of asynchronous semiautomated referrals for [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacist involvement significantly increases vaccination rates, with their role as immunizers having a particularly pronounced effect. Expanding the roles of pharmacists in vaccination services, primarily in developing countries, could improve global vaccination coverage and help address vaccine hesitancy. [...]
CONCLUSION: Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir was appropriately prescribed by pharmacists in most cases, demonstrating that pharmacists can support safe and effective use of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for patients with complex comorbidities and medication regimens. [...]
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are prevalent in India, affecting approximately 11.3% of the population. India leads globally in lung disease mortality, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, contributing significantly to disability-adjusted life years and mortality rates. The role of clinical pharmacist interventions (CPIs) in optimizing antibiotic use and managing [...]
Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many clinical practices shifted to using virtual platforms to care for patients. After in-person visits resumed, many patients continued to participate in virtual care. Objective: This study evaluated the impact of hybrid care (virtual and in-person visits) on diabetes control in patients [...]
Background: Palliative care (PC) patients are at high risk of polypharmacy, thereby imposing a substantial burden on patients, including increased pill burden, adverse drug events, and falls. PC pharmacists play a critical role in deprescribing and aligning medications with goals of care for this population, but few studies demonstrate deprescribing [...]
No abstract [...]
Objectives: Sleep in the hospital is often disrupted by modifiable factors. When addressing poor sleep in the hospital, non-pharmacologic strategies should be utilized initially; however, pharmacologic therapies are often prescribed first. The objective of this initiative was to determine if pharmacist-led initiation of a sleep promotion order set improved quality [...]
CONCLUSION: Pegvaliase effectively reduced Phe levels in PKU patients, although it carried significant risks of anaphylaxis and other adverse events. A pharmacist-led program and interdisciplinary collaboration was crucial for prompt access and effective management. [...]
Objective: The development of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has allowed for improved glycemic control among patients with diabetes. Clinical pharmacists possess medication expertise and can provide support for increased CGM utilization through device education and affordability assistance, but there is limited evidence evaluating the effectiveness of clinical pharmacist-assisted CGM initiation. [...]
BackgroundOpioid therapy is a critical component in managing pain in palliative care, where pharmacists' specialised expertise is crucial in ensuring quality care for patients. This systematic review aims to document available evidence on pharmacist interventions and their impact on optimising opioid therapy for pain management in palliative care patients.MethodsWe searched [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Community pharmacists with higher levels of assertive self-expression were more likely to experience community pharmacist-led deprescribing. [...]
CONCLUSION: The pharmacy consult service effectively supported PCPs in managing pediatric mental health conditions with a high acceptance of recommendations, demonstrating its value in enhancing medication regimen efficacy, safety, and adherence. [...]
CONCLUSION: This study describes a potential strategy for incorporating the PeCP into a required didactic course. This expands students' exposure to digital health, which is supported by the Accreditation Council of Pharmacy Education Standards 2025. Furthermore, it provides students with the knowledge and skills necessary to serve as change agents [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory care pharmacists can effectively optimize GLP-1 RAs to improve clinical outcomes, meet quality-based metrics, and reduce prescriber burden. [...]
CONCLUSION: Clinical pharmacists' involvement in pediatric cardiac care significantly reduces medication errors in LMICs, as demonstrated by this study. These findings underscore the need to integrate clinical pharmacists into multidisciplinary teams to enhance medication safety and improve patient outcomes. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Delivering a supplemented medication reconciliation service by a clinical pharmacist for patients with CKD is cost beneficial from the healthcare perspective in Jordan, an example of a low- and middle-income country. This finding further confirms the pivotal role of clinical pharmacists in multidisciplinary healthcare teams. [...]
CONCLUSION: This review revealed that pharmacist-led patient education was particularly effective in cases of VKAs, while the outcomes in cases of DOACs were modest. Moreover, while the role of pharmacists in patient education on VKAs has been widely studied, limited research has focused on the effect of pharmacist-led education on [...]
Background Medication errors can be categorized into five main categories: prescribing, compounding, dispensing, distribution, and administration. Prescribing errors, including wrong indication, dose, frequency, and route of administration, are the most prevalent preventable medication errors. Over the past decades, pharmacists' role in minimizing such errors has grown with the development of [...]
Purpose: One option recommended by expert guidelines for prompt reversal of anticoagulation-induced hemorrhage is four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC). Pharmacist presence has been shown to reduce order entry to administration and door-to-needle (DTN) times. However, how pharmacist preparation of 4F-PCC at the bedside in the Emergency Department (ED) can affect [...]
Introduction: Using long-acting injectable (LAI) medications increases treatment adherence and promotes positive outcomes for patients with substance use disorders (SUD). Despite documented benefits that LAI medications can have over their oral counterparts, they continue to be underused. With the expansion of pharmacists' scope of practice for medication administration services, there [...]
CONCLUSION: High levels of satisfaction with the outcomes of the medication reviews-particularly regarding quality, patient safety, and their overall positive impact on the ward-indicate that both patients and HCPs perceived the service as highly valuable in supporting patient care throughout the medication process. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacist-led statin initiation is effective; however, systematic barriers remain to improve statin quality performance. These results can help others adopt innovative practices that target statin care gaps and assess opportunities for quality improvement. [...]
CONCLUSION: Low-quality data with high risk of bias suggest that pharmacist-managed renal anaemia may improve the percentage of haemoglobin within target range and reduce the ESA dose. However, meta-analysis was impossible due to substantial heterogeneity. Therefore, no definite conclusions could be drawn on the effectiveness of pharmacist-managed dosing of ESA [...]
Introduction: Clinical pharmacists bring unparalleled medication expertise, but quantifying their impact on a health system's bottom line remains unestablished. Objective: To classify interventions by pharmacists with and without board certification and quantify the cost avoidance (CA) from accepted interventions. Methods: This multicenter prospective observational study, conducted between August 2018 and [...]
CONCLUSION: Expanded CDTM law enables qualified pharmacists to play a pivotal role in influencing population health outcomes. With a CDTM agreement, pharmacists can overcome barriers to initiating statins for eligible individuals and thereby directly impact star ratings. [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacist-administered injectable contraception appears to be beneficial, accessible, and convenient for patients while aligning with pharmacists' capabilities and professional roles. Barriers should be addressed when considering implementation. Future research should aim to broaden the evidence-based research across different regions and explore long-term outcomes. [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacy services provided by community pharmacists can lead to an improvement in clinical and behavioral outcomes. While there is some evidence indicating benefits in economic and humanistic outcomes, this evidence is less consistent and should be interpreted cautiously. This umbrella review highlights the importance of further research to strengthen [...]
Background: Asthma is one of the most common pediatric disease states. However, current literature about outpatient pharmacy appointment effectiveness on pediatric asthma control is not widely available. Objective: To determine whether outpatient pharmacist visits in pediatric patients with asthma result in a measurable difference in asthma control, utilizing the validated [...]
CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that pharmacist-physician collaboration service in the PD clinic positively impacted patient outcomes. [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacists, in collaboration with multiple physician specialties, successfully implemented an outpatient penicillin allergy testing service to safely delabel patients and support antimicrobial stewardship. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: General practice pharmacist-led person-centred medicines reviews for patients with hyperpolypharmacy and/or at high risk of medicines-related harm delivered substantial improvements in medicines appropriateness and patient-reported outcomes, thus providing evidence to support their wider implementation. [...]
CONCLUSION: The study underscores the critical role of pharmacists in psychiatric care, with high physician acceptance of their interventions. The diverse range of DRPs highlights the need to expand clinical pharmacy services and integrate pharmacists into psychiatric teams. Our findings clearly demonstrate that integrating pharmacists into psychiatric care settings is [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacist-led medication reviews were effective in resolving DRPs and improving clinical outcomes in HD patients, such as quality of life and lab values. However, their impact on healthcare utilisation and mortality remains inconclusive. Further research with longer follow-up is needed to assess the long-term economic outcomes of these interventions. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacist care and physician care for patient e-visits for COVID-19 medication both yielded high quality of care, with no significant group differences. Evaluation of pharmacist care may be warranted for other e-visits designed to facilitate medication prescribing. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: The cluster RCT will provide evidence on medication management through televisits. If found effective in improving the use of medications, the intervention has the potential to impact older adults with multiple chronic conditions and polypharmacy. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacist-led intervention reduced the proportion of patients receiving SUP in the ICUs, without significantly affecting the proportion of patients with overt gastrointestinal bleeding. These findings will help guide ICU medical decision-making. [...]
Pharmacist & Outcomes – Open Acess (Free PDF)
CONCLUSION: Pharmacist-led MRs in a pain clinic have demonstrated significant clinical impact. By identifying predictors of effective interventions, this study provides insights for targeting patients who may benefit most. Furthermore, the recognition of pharmacists' expertise by the interdisciplinary team supports the integration of pharmacy-led initiatives to enhance collaborative care and [...]
CONCLUSIONS: A dedicated pharmacist comanagement telehealth program for patients with HFrEF proved effective at improving GDMT use and reducing cardiac hospitalizations. [...]
Background: The effective management of psychotic and bipolar disorders in tertiary care can improve patient outcomes, yet the role of clinical pharmacists in optimising psychotropic medication use remains underexplored in South Africa. This study aims to investigate the role and interventions of clinical pharmacists in managing psychotic and bipolar disorders [...]
CONCLUSIONS: The SMART formulary reduced the total cost of care for a cohort of charitable care patients enrolled in a primary care clinic at a large urban academic medical center in Baltimore, Maryland. [...]
CONCLUSION: Clinical pharmacist education improved diabetes self-care practices and metabolic outcomes, including glycemic control and lipid profiles, demonstrating its role in achieving therapeutic goals for patients with T2DM. [...]
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is a chronic, progressive medical condition affecting millions of individuals worldwide. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The use of "foundational quadruple therapy" titrated to the maximum tolerated doses improves survival, quality of life, and reduces heart failure-related hospitalisation. Despite this evidence, [...]
CONCLUSION: The P3ID trial tests the hypothesis that a jointly led pharmacist-physician intervention in an outpatient will reduce the total number of medications, improve medication adherence, reduce falls and improve patients' and doctors' satisfaction towards pharmacist services. Findings from this study would inform future deprescribing practices, particularly in LMIC, pertaining [...]
Developed nations maximize pharmacists, while developing nations underutilize them, especially in operating rooms (ORs), necessitating cost-effectiveness and feedback evaluations. We investigated the impact of pharmacist involvement in operating rooms (OR) at Muhimbili National Hospital. We contrasted a "before era" (BE) without pharmacists to an "after era" (AE) with their presence. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Patients in the PPCC group were more likely to meet comprehensive diabetes care quality measures compared with SC. These results underscore the value of pharmacists in diabetes management in primary care and their contribution to value-based care. [...]
Medication adherence is crucial for slowing chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. A specially designed pharmacist-led mobile application, Kidney Health, was evaluated in a single-center, prospective, 3 months, randomized controlled trial (RCT) to assess its impact on medication adherence and efficacy in patients with CKD. 86 patients were randomly assigned to [...]
Background There is good evidence describing on-call pharmacy services internationally; however, there is limited evidence evaluating out-of-hours (OOH) calls from adult critical care units. Our primary objective is to describe the characteristics of OOH calls from adult critical care units to resident pharmacists, to inform service provision to this high-risk [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacist support in entering blood drug concentration test orders significantly reduced vancomycin-induced kidney injury frequency and shortened time to first TDM, enhancing patient safety during anti-MRSA medication administration in the emergency and critical care center. This task-shifting approach demonstrates clear benefits for patient care and physician workload. [...]
Accessing essential healthcare services presents a challenge for consumers living in rural and remote communities, leading to higher rates of chronic disease and poorer health outcomes. Community pharmacists are well positioned to address this lack of access; thus, this study aimed to explore the perceptions of rural and remote consumers [...]
To combine didactic education with clinical and research experiences that would empower student pharmacists to consider postgraduate training and a career in pharmacy education or academics, in 2009, the Next Generation of Pharmacist Educators (NextGenRxEd) program, a four-year longitudinal education program, was implemented at the University of California San Diego [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study will further elucidate the role of pharmacist-led CGM in primary care. [...]
CONCLUSION: The lack of regulation has contributed to unstandardized telepharmacy practice. Despite the untapped potential, the growth of telepharmacy services in Indonesian community pharmacies is uncertain, with ongoing support from the regulation needed. [...]
IntroductionAt the University of California Irvine (UCI) in Orange County California, we published an implementation study to evaluate the use of an electronic patient-reported outcome (ePRO) tool to guide pharmacist-led chemotherapy education in newly diagnosed cancer patients. The goal of this secondary analysis was to describe the types of pharmacist-led [...]
This systematic review aimed to evaluate the association between pharmacists' interventions and health outcomes of patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in the Middle East. A comprehensive database search was conducted in July 2024 using the electronic databases of PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that identifying functional difficulties in medication preparation enables tailored interventions to address these issues. Observing older adults' abilities to manage their medication could reduce the risk of medication errors and probably enhance their daily quality of life. [...]
CONCLUSION: The intervention studied improved family physicians' knowledge of medication for type 2 diabetes, reduced the number of medication issues for patients, and improved their FPG concentrations. It should provide a valuable reference for chronic disease management. This pharmacist-led training approach could be expanded to improve medication practices and patient [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacist-led interventions led to a significant improvement in HbA1c levels. While medication expenses increased in both groups from the initial follow-up, the control group exhibited a significantly greater increase in costs and HbA1c levels than the intervention group. [...]
CONCLUSION: Our findings reveal that clinical pharmacist-provided services could positively affect outcomes in BD-I patients. [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacist-led MedRec services improved continuity of care for elderly patients. Implementing a structured reconciliation process successfully resolved discrepancies and reduced hospital readmissions as well as ED visits at 30-days post-discharge. This outlines potentials for healthcare cost savings. Future studies are recommended to explore long-term benefits, cost-effectiveness, and integrating pharmacist-led [...]
CONCLUSION: While our study did not find a statistically significant difference in pharmacist-led deprescribing, there was a trend towards reduction in high-risk medication use. This suggests potential clinical significance, emphasizing the role of pharmacist involvement in prescribing practices of medications used to treat T2DM, including deprescribing high-risk medications and initiating [...]
CONCLUSION: This study underscores the considerable advantages of integrating pharmacists into diabetes management programs, particularly for patients with elevated A1c levels >9%. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists are well-placed to play a broader role in SEM but face systemic and educational barriers. Enhancing training, establishing formal referral and interdisciplinary communication pathways and addressing structural challenges could improve engagement. This study lays the groundwork for future interventions to enhance pharmacists' contributions to SEM and strengthen pharmacist-physiotherapist [...]
CONCLUSION: This study highlights the frequent occurrence of DRPs and LT4 therapy adherence problems in patients with HoT. The findings suggest that the intervention of CPs, by increasing adherence to LT4 therapy and decreasing DRPs, could significantly contribute to improving patients' treatment outcomes. [...]
PurposeThe time to complete oncology pharmacist tasks is needed to determine workload and productivity. The Hematology/Oncology Pharmacy Association (HOPA) and the Hematology/Oncology Practice and Research Network (PRN) of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) partnered with the aim of establishing consensus on the time required to complete oncology pharmacy [...]
CONCLUSION: SMPOP service enhances prescription appropriateness, reduces ADRs, shortens stays, and lowers costs, underscoring the need for continuous innovation in healthcare. [...]
CONCLUSION: CBE improved pharmacists' knowledge of POCT but showed a limited effect on pharmacist intention or behaviour. The study highlighted that knowledge alone does not influence behaviour change. Factors such as organizational support, adequate reimbursement, and expanded practice scope (e.g., prescribing) are critical to enhance POCT implementation. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: During hospitalization, there was no group difference in the primary outcome of high-intensity statin therapy. Feasibility of an effective pharmacist-initiated intervention for improvement of lipid management was demonstrated by entry of recommendations in the discharge summary and related adjustment in outpatient statin therapy. The main opportunity for future improvement [...]
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are prevalent in India, affecting approximately 11.3% of the population. India leads globally in lung disease mortality, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, contributing significantly to disability-adjusted life years and mortality rates. The role of clinical pharmacist interventions (CPIs) in optimizing antibiotic use and managing [...]
Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many clinical practices shifted to using virtual platforms to care for patients. After in-person visits resumed, many patients continued to participate in virtual care. Objective: This study evaluated the impact of hybrid care (virtual and in-person visits) on diabetes control in patients [...]
No abstract [...]
Objectives: Sleep in the hospital is often disrupted by modifiable factors. When addressing poor sleep in the hospital, non-pharmacologic strategies should be utilized initially; however, pharmacologic therapies are often prescribed first. The objective of this initiative was to determine if pharmacist-led initiation of a sleep promotion order set improved quality [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Community pharmacists with higher levels of assertive self-expression were more likely to experience community pharmacist-led deprescribing. [...]
CONCLUSION: Clinical pharmacists' involvement in pediatric cardiac care significantly reduces medication errors in LMICs, as demonstrated by this study. These findings underscore the need to integrate clinical pharmacists into multidisciplinary teams to enhance medication safety and improve patient outcomes. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Delivering a supplemented medication reconciliation service by a clinical pharmacist for patients with CKD is cost beneficial from the healthcare perspective in Jordan, an example of a low- and middle-income country. This finding further confirms the pivotal role of clinical pharmacists in multidisciplinary healthcare teams. [...]
CONCLUSION: This review revealed that pharmacist-led patient education was particularly effective in cases of VKAs, while the outcomes in cases of DOACs were modest. Moreover, while the role of pharmacists in patient education on VKAs has been widely studied, limited research has focused on the effect of pharmacist-led education on [...]
Background Medication errors can be categorized into five main categories: prescribing, compounding, dispensing, distribution, and administration. Prescribing errors, including wrong indication, dose, frequency, and route of administration, are the most prevalent preventable medication errors. Over the past decades, pharmacists' role in minimizing such errors has grown with the development of [...]
Purpose: One option recommended by expert guidelines for prompt reversal of anticoagulation-induced hemorrhage is four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC). Pharmacist presence has been shown to reduce order entry to administration and door-to-needle (DTN) times. However, how pharmacist preparation of 4F-PCC at the bedside in the Emergency Department (ED) can affect [...]
Introduction: Using long-acting injectable (LAI) medications increases treatment adherence and promotes positive outcomes for patients with substance use disorders (SUD). Despite documented benefits that LAI medications can have over their oral counterparts, they continue to be underused. With the expansion of pharmacists' scope of practice for medication administration services, there [...]
CONCLUSION: High levels of satisfaction with the outcomes of the medication reviews-particularly regarding quality, patient safety, and their overall positive impact on the ward-indicate that both patients and HCPs perceived the service as highly valuable in supporting patient care throughout the medication process. [...]
Introduction: Clinical pharmacists bring unparalleled medication expertise, but quantifying their impact on a health system's bottom line remains unestablished. Objective: To classify interventions by pharmacists with and without board certification and quantify the cost avoidance (CA) from accepted interventions. Methods: This multicenter prospective observational study, conducted between August 2018 and [...]
CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that pharmacist-physician collaboration service in the PD clinic positively impacted patient outcomes. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: General practice pharmacist-led person-centred medicines reviews for patients with hyperpolypharmacy and/or at high risk of medicines-related harm delivered substantial improvements in medicines appropriateness and patient-reported outcomes, thus providing evidence to support their wider implementation. [...]
CONCLUSION: The study underscores the critical role of pharmacists in psychiatric care, with high physician acceptance of their interventions. The diverse range of DRPs highlights the need to expand clinical pharmacy services and integrate pharmacists into psychiatric teams. Our findings clearly demonstrate that integrating pharmacists into psychiatric care settings is [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacist-led medication reviews were effective in resolving DRPs and improving clinical outcomes in HD patients, such as quality of life and lab values. However, their impact on healthcare utilisation and mortality remains inconclusive. Further research with longer follow-up is needed to assess the long-term economic outcomes of these interventions. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacist care and physician care for patient e-visits for COVID-19 medication both yielded high quality of care, with no significant group differences. Evaluation of pharmacist care may be warranted for other e-visits designed to facilitate medication prescribing. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: The cluster RCT will provide evidence on medication management through televisits. If found effective in improving the use of medications, the intervention has the potential to impact older adults with multiple chronic conditions and polypharmacy. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacist-led intervention reduced the proportion of patients receiving SUP in the ICUs, without significantly affecting the proportion of patients with overt gastrointestinal bleeding. These findings will help guide ICU medical decision-making. [...]
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDPs) are a leading cause of poor maternal and birth outcomes worldwide. Prompt management of these disorders is usually recommended to optimize outcomes. Administration of pharmacotherapeutic agents is critical in the prevention and management of these disorders. The services of the pharmacist are required to maximize [...]
CONCLUSION: Data collected with respect to opioid use post-surgery, feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, patient experience and outcome data will inform the design of future research and larger clinical trials. [...]
Multimorbidity and polypharmacy are prevalent among Long-Term Care (LTC) users. Older people, who most use LTC services, are more prone to drug-related problems, which polypharmacy aggravates. Deprescribing is a key intervention to address polypharmacy and inappropriate medication. Evidence shows that pharmacists' expertise in medicines and their growing involvement in clinical-oriented [...]
CONCLUSION: Increased awareness and ability of community pharmacists to deprescribe medication and use of general practitioners' data, led community pharmacists and general practitioners to successfully conduct a more deprescribing-focused CMR in daily practice. Further research is needed to assess the necessity of additional training to optimize the deprescribing of cardiovascular [...]
CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial stewardship programmes are critical for any institution's proper health care system. It ensures proper antibiotic outflow to patients, thereby improving their health status. The role of pharmacists in establishing an AMS in a hospital setting is a highly commendable activity that enhances healthcare collaboration and outcomes. Clinical pharmacists [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmaceutical care services provided to diabetes patients had positive effects on disease prognosis, knowledge levels and disease perceptions. Patients with HbA1c level higher than 9% had the greatest benefit from pharmacist interventions. [...]
Digital health interventions have emerged as a promising approach for patient care. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of pharmacist-led digital health interventions for patients with diabetes. The PubMed database was used to select randomized controlled trials that assess the effectiveness of digital health interventions [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating an oncology clinical pharmacist into the clinical research team was associated with improved clinical trial enrollment. Validation of the effect of multidisciplinary interventions across a broader spectrum of differentially resourced oncology practices will be conducted within future MYLUNG iterations. [...]
CONCLUSION: This study identified the pharmacist's role in supportive care management and reports the successful integration of a clinical pharmacist into a breast cancer clinic. Future directions include conducting prospective studies to further explore the impact of the clinical pharmacist on treatment outcomes. [...]
Background/Objectives: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause cases of community-acquired pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and ventilator-associated pneumonia, and nasal colonization with this pathogen increases the risk of infection. Due to its high negative predictive value, multiple studies support using the MRSA nasal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to discontinue antimicrobials that [...]
CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that this approach led to fewer DRPs, a high rate of acceptance, and better adherence to treatment guidelines. This is the first retrospective pre-post study in the European Union to include this collaboration in daily rounds at psychiatric hospitals, focusing on somatic comorbidities. However, the study [...]
CONCLUSION: The results suggest implementing a pharmacist driven MRSA nasal surveillance program into practice could increase the number of MRSA nasal swabs ordered and promote timely de-escalation of vancomycin in patients with pneumonia. [...]
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is commonly treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, adverse events from such treatment can lead to treatment discontinuation and additional medical expenditures. Ambulatory care from oncology pharmacists in patient education and symptom management can benefit patients with NSCLC. In this study, we evaluated the [...]
CONCLUSIONS: The University of Colorado Medicine's population health initiative provided mixed results on medication adherence metrics. Electronic health record messaging provided insight into ways to improve the intervention to better engage and assist patients. [...]
The unintended consequences of polypharmacy pose significant risks to older adults. The complexities of managing numerous medications from multiple prescribers demand a comprehensive approach to mitigate harms. Pharmacist-led clinics have been shown to improve outcomes in patients with diabetes and hypertension. Pharmacist-led clinics focused on broader issues of polypharmacy have [...]
(1) Background: In general, it is known that continuity of care can contribute to an increase in patient satisfaction, reduce health care costs, and improve patient outcomes. A guarantee of continuity in pharmacotherapy is a big challenge facing Japanese health care as a system that encourages cooperation/collaboration for pharmacists with [...]
CONCLUSIONS: A community pharmacist-linked cessation program in homeless shelters was associated with reduced consumption and increased weekly quit attempts, highlighting its potential for scalability among people experiencing homelessness with high rates of co-occurring behavioral health conditions. [...]
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This randomized clinical trial found a modest improvement in medication adherence among patients with CHF who received the pharmacist-led management intervention vs usual care. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that pharmacist-led interventions significantly reduce drug-related problems in vascular surgery patients during hospitalisation, contributing to patient safety and clinical outcomes. [...]
CONCLUSION: The current study showed the critical role of clinical pharmacists in training patients about medications and improving adherence to their pharmacotherapy. [...]
Adverse events (AEs) induced by cancer chemotherapy reduce not only patient quality of life (QOL) but also the efficacy of treatment. Management of AEs can therefore improve both the efficacy and safety of cancer chemotherapy. This review describes the contribution of pharmacists to the management of adverse events aimed at [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacist-led AFS has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of antifungal treatments by improving their overall quality, reduction in consumption, and adverse events. The healthcare system should encourage multidisciplinary collaboration where pharmacists play a central role in decision-making processes regarding antifungal use. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacist-led ASP model showed an increase in adherence to the care bundle between the two study periods, with reduced probability of a negative outcome. Furthermore, risk factors for S. aureus bacteraemia were identified that may inform management and contribute to better patient outcomes in the paediatric population. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: The Si-Care intervention significantly improved medication adherence among people with schizophrenia, contributing to the maintenance of stable symptoms. Pharmacist-led home interventions provide valuable support to address adherence challenges and should be considered a critical component in schizophrenia care. Future studies should consider a more rigorous design, a larger sample [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Evaluations and delabelling by pharmacists (vs allergists) were comparably effective and safe among patients with low-risk penicillin allergy. Moreover, patients evaluated by pharmacists even reported significantly greater improvements in HR-QoL, highlighting the potential of multidisciplinary allergy initiatives. [...]
CONCLUSION: Utilizing a TOC pharmacy service may be associated with a reduction in all-cause 30-day readmission rates for patients with COPD. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacist-led aminoglycoside stewardship significantly improved the appropriate use of aminoglycosides and decreased the associated costs. Thus, pharmacist involvement is essential for the proper use of aminoglycosides. However, many patients required aminoglycoside dose reductions despite the pharmacist's guideline-based dosing design. Therefore, further accumulation of information on the management of aminoglycoside [...]
CONCLUSION: These quantitative findings highlight the importance of pharmacist-led interventions and suggest a framework for future programs about medication management. [...]
Background:Patients are at risk of experiencing medication errors during each transition of care (TOC), which can result in adverse drug events and readmissions. Implementing a pharmacist-led TOC service can optimize medication safety and patient outcomes by identifying and correcting medication discrepancies prior to hospital discharge. A pharmacist-led TOC service at [...]
Purpose: While intravenous (IV) iron repletion is an effective tool to treat anemia and improve outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD), guideline laboratory definitions of iron deficiency differ, resulting in variability in screening and repletion strategies. This study sought to describe current practices surrounding identification and treatment of iron deficiency [...]
CONCLUSION: The implementation of pharmacist-led anticoagulation services in primary care settings was identified as both feasible and essential for improving patient outcomes. The insights from this study can inform future initiatives aimed at enhancing anticoagulation management in primary care settings. [...]
CONCLUSION: The IMMENSE intervention significantly reduced the risk of PIMs at discharge, with no effect on PPOs. Living in nursing homes, home care facilities, or institutions prior to hospitalization increased the risk of PPOs at discharge. Pharmacists may contribute to improved medication appropriateness in older hospitalized patients. [...]
CONCLUSION: The impact of pharmacist-led interventions in rural pharmacies allowed the detection of a high number of drug-related issues and significantly reduced the number of DRPs and PIPs, preventing negative health outcomes. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective cohort study, a pharmacist-led MTM program was associated with favorable guideline-directed medical therapy optimization and lower risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis with HF. [...]
CONCLUSION: Existing evidence demonstrates the positive impact of pharmacists' involvement in AMS. There needs to be a concerted effort in facilitating pharmacist roles in AMS across all countries, irrespective of income setting. [...]
CONCLUSION: Pharmacist prescribing has increased significantly over a short period of time. Environmental supports (e.g., time, space, access to patient records), government funding, peer support, and public awareness are needed to optimize and fully implement these practice changes. [...]
CONCLUSION: The study emphasizes the importance of addressing discrepancies made by patients after hospital discharge, which can result in potentially harmful outcomes. It also shows that a pharmacist-led hospital intervention can significantly reduce discrepancies in the early post-discharge period. These findings can guide the development of future services to improve [...]
CONCLUSION: This study highlights the high incidence of DRPs and malnutrition risk in ICU patients with renal dysfunction, emphasizing the vital role of clinical pharmacists. Their collaboration with healthcare professionals significantly reduced both DRPs and NRPs. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Following implementation of a pharmacist-driven AUC monitoring program, patients were less likely to develop nephrotoxicity during outpatient vancomycin therapy. [...]
BACKGROUND: Group education has demonstrated benefits among people with diabetes, including reduced A1C and improved self-monitoring practices. Despite this, attendance rates are low for a variety of reasons, including lack of understanding of potential benefits among patients. [...]
Background: Although electronic consults (e-consults) are utilized in healthcare systems by medical professionals, use of e-consults by pharmacy remains novel outside of niche disease states. Additional research is required to fill literature gaps to assist in optimizing the pharmacist's role in e-consult programs. Objective: This study aimed to assess the [...]
Purpose: Ambulatory care pharmacists (ACPs) on healthcare teams improve patient outcomes and can manage multiple chronic disease states. ACPs have demonstrated clinical benefit but need to prove financial sustainability. The primary objective of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of utilizing ACPs for diabetes mellitus (DM) management. Methods: This [...]
Contemporary patient care requires a multidisciplinary approach to monitoring, assessing, and managing diseases. Promoting multidisciplinary approaches encourages the purposeful participation of many healthcare professionals and harnessing their combined knowledge to provide tailored treatment plans. Pharmacists, skilled and knowledgeable professionals in medication management, drug-related problems, and disease prevention, can offer vital [...]
CONCLUSION: HMRs targeting TTs improved health outcomes in people with COPD. Credentialed pharmacists in primary care can work alongside general practitioners to optimise COPD management. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacist-driven weekend AMS is an opportunity for pharmacists to intervene and optimize patients' care plans. This initiative demonstrated significant increased AMS-related interventions, promoted judicious antimicrobial use, and contributed to a reduced length of hospital stay. Our findings need to be replicated in a larger prospective study. [...]
In Mexico, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious public health concern. As experts in drug therapy, pharmacists are essential additions to multidisciplinary diabetes patient care teams. There have been no systematic reviews or meta-analyses performed on pharmacist-led interventions (PIs) in Mexico; therefore, the impact of PIs on patients [...]
CONCLUSION: This clinical pharmacist-driven service leveraged technology and patient connection to increase medication adherence in patients with chronic disease states and led to improvement in select disease control measures and substantial health care cost savings. [...]
CONCLUSIONS: Implementing a pharmacist discharge medication service requires consideration of -pharmacist time and salary, which may be offset by cost-avoidance. [...]